Rethinking Water in a Changing Climate
Ann Arbor, Michigan-based LimnoTech is an environmental science and engineering firm with more than 50 years of experience with water-related issues. The firm works with public agencies, private industry, and nonprofit organizations to provide science-driven solutions to complex water challenges. SBN Detroit interviewed Brendan Cousino, PE, Principal and Senior Civil & Environmental Engineer at LimnoTech, to discuss the region’s most pressing water infrastructure challenges and where he sees the biggest opportunities for improvement. Q: What is the impetus behind LimnoTech? A: LimnoTech was founded by graduate students at the University of Michigan over 50 years ago. At the time, the country was just beginning to grapple with water pollution and how to treat contaminated waterways. This was also the early age of computing, and the founders began using computer-based modeling to better understand and solve environmental problems. Essentially, they were a crack team of water quality modeling experts who turned their research into a business that provides real-world environmental solutions. Q: With increasing climate variability, how do you approach designing water management solutions that are both adaptable and future-proof? A: To be future-proof, everything must be adaptable. We’re facing longer drought periods and increasingly intense rainfall events – sometimes in very short time frames. These extremes are becoming more common, and we’ve seen the consequences play out across Michigan. Our approach is to stay aligned with the latest climate science, evaluate the full range of projected conditions, and design infrastructure that can perform under both extremes. Q: What are some of the most pressing water-related challenges facing Southeast Michigan today, and how do they compare to other regions? A: Southeast Michigan is dealing with aging infrastructure systems that were built for historical conditions – not today’s climate realities. The recent Great Lakes Water Authority pipe break in Southwest Detroit is one example. Urban flooding and stormwater management are key issues, as is legacy pollution from our industrial past, compounded by new threats like microplastics, and PFAS. At the same time, Michigan is unique in its abundance of freshwater, much of it in relatively clean condition. That puts a responsibility on all of us to protect these globally significant resources. Q: Conversely, what are the biggest opportunities in Southeast Michigan for improvement and is there any low-hanging fruit? A: In many ways, we’ve already picked the low-hanging fruit. For example, our region has been ahead of the curve when it comes to combined sewer overflow treatment. Investments made in the ’90s and early 2000s, such as retention basins and treatment systems, have made a real difference in improving water quality in the region. Many of the pollutant sources in our stormwater are more broadly distributed. What’s next is being more strategic to plan infrastructure investment. We’re using better data and technology to monitor conditions. For example, we can now use robotics to inspect pipes so we don’t have to wait for them to fail, and real-time monitoring to inform operations during wet weather. That allows us to make smarter, targeted investments to prepare for changing conditions. Q: What innovative strategies or technologies are emerging to help cities like Detroit handle extreme weather events and stormwater management? A: Big data and real-time system operations are making a huge difference. With improved forecasting, operators can anticipate where rainfall is headed and adjust pump systems and treatment infrastructure in advance. We’re also using high-resolution 2D modeling to understand where water will accumulate during storms. That allows us to plan better and pinpoint risk areas. It’s transforming how we manage and design urban stormwater systems. Q: You worked extensively on the Ralph C. Wilson, Jr. Centennial Park on the Detroit riverfront. What specific water-related challenges did this project address, and how does it serve as a model for future waterfront development? A: The site had a number of infrastructure issues. There was legacy sediment contamination from industrial activity that had to be remediated to support a healthy aquatic ecosystem. The bulkheads along the river also were failing, creating dangerous sinkholes. We replaced those with new shoreline stabilization measures. We also incorporated aquatic habitat restoration into the project. The result is a world-class park that improves the riverfront for people while also addressing serious environmental concerns. It’s a great example of how community projects and infrastructure improvements can work hand in hand. Q: Infrastructure in Detroit is aging and often not designed for today’s environmental pressures. What are the biggest gaps in water infrastructure that need to be addressed, and what solutions exist? A: Much of the infrastructure was designed for storm conditions that were expected to occur once every 10 years. Now we’re seeing those types of storms almost every year, at least in some locations within the region. Our stormwater systems simply weren’t built to handle that level of intensity and frequency. The biggest gap is funding. Many systems are at or beyond their design life, but utilities don’t have the financial resources to replace them quickly. We need to identify failure points, understand what’s most vulnerable, and prioritize investment accordingly. Q: What role do community engagement and education play in developing effective climate resilience projects? A: Community engagement is a core part of most projects we work on. It’s essential that the infrastructure improvements we make actually serve the people who live there. When communities have a voice in the design process, the outcomes are better. Education also is key. Whether it’s installing a rain barrel, planting native species, or simply understanding how the stormwater system works, individual actions can add up. If we can manage even the first half inch of rainfall before it enters the storm system, we reduce the reliance on aging infrastructure. Q: Looking ahead, what do you see as the biggest opportunities for improving climate resilience and sustainable water management in the next decade? A: One major opportunity is the shift we’re seeing from purely regulatory compliance to voluntary corporate action. Many of our corporate clients are taking the initiative to reduce their water impacts. That’s a
Safe Water Engineering – Tackling Water Safety in Southeast Michigan
Southeast Michigan faces significant challenges in water infrastructure and safety, particularly in addressing aging systems, lead contamination, and ensuring equitable access to clean drinking water. Safe Water Engineering LLC, a Detroit-based consulting firm founded by Elin Warn Betanzo, focuses on improving access to safe drinking water through engineering and policy solutions. As the architect behind Detroit’s lead service line replacement program, Betanzo has played a key role in improving water safety in the region. The city has replaced over 11,000 lead service lines since 2018, providing safer drinking water to thousands of residents. Beyond infrastructure, Betanzo’s work also focuses on water safety and affordability policies. SBN Detroit had the opportunity to interview Betanzo regarding the challenges and opportunities surrounding water management in Southeast Michigan, the lead pipe replacement efforts, and the steps needed to ensure sustainable and equitable access to clean water. Q: What is the impetus behind Safe Water Engineering? A: I started Safe Water Engineering in 2017 after the Flint water crisis revealed a critical need for specialized expertise in lead and drinking water safety. Our work focuses on helping water utilities meet and go beyond compliance requirements for drinking water safety and supporting communities by providing access to data, information, and education. Q: Can you tell us more about the city’s lead service line replacement program you designed and your work in drinking water policy? A: From 2017 to 2020, I worked with the Detroit Water and Sewerage Department (DWSD) to design the city’s lead service line replacement program. At the time, it wasn’t a regulatory requirement, but Detroit wanted to take a proactive approach. My work involved developing procedures for conducting lead service line replacements, incorporating replacements into broader infrastructure projects, conducting outreach to residents, and ensuring safety during replacements – like providing filters and flushing instructions. We also created a comprehensive program outlining responsibilities, timelines, and costs. The program is now underway, and the city has committed to replacing all lead service lines within ten years. Q: What are the biggest challenges communities in Southeast Michigan face in ensuring clean and safe water? A: Southeast Michigan’s water infrastructure relies on the backbone of water and sewer mains that Detroit built during the last century. It was designed and constructed for the time when it was built – a different population distribution and climate conditions than we have now. Over time, the region has faced significant changes, including population shifts, aging infrastructure, and climate impacts like altered precipitation patterns. Key challenges include the need to renew and replace aging water mains, sewer systems, and lead service lines, many of which were installed during the first half of the last century. Additionally, when water rates were set in many communities, they did not account for the necessary infrastructure renewal costs especially when they relied on existing infrastructure to expand. This becomes a challenge when we see this multitude of issues and challenges coinciding. It is essential to ensure public health protection is maintained as a top priority while developing water affordability programs to ensure everyone can afford access to that protection. Q: How has climate change impacted water systems in the region, particularly with issues like flooding, stormwater management, and aging infrastructure? A: The magnitude and frequency of extreme rainfall events have increased significantly in recent years, with Southeast Michigan experiencing multiple 100-year storms within a five-year span. The current infrastructure was not designed to handle such high volumes of water, leading to challenges like stormwater runoff overwhelming wastewater systems, and causing untreated releases into the Detroit River and Lake St. Clair. Additionally, urban development has created more paved surfaces, increased runoff, and disrupted natural drainage systems. This combination has led to significant flooding issues, further straining aging wastewater and stormwater systems. Q: Why are lead service lines a concern, and what is being done to address them in Southeast Michigan? A: In Michigan, community water systems were required to report the potential presence of lead service lines to the state in 2020. Statewide, up to 26% of these systems may have lead service lines, with Southeast Michigan particularly affected. For example, Detroit alone has up to 108,000 lead service lines, and potentially twice as many may exist in the surrounding communities. When water – although treated with corrosion control at treatment plants – passes through leaded materials, lead is frequently measured at the faucet – the point where it becomes drinking water. Lead in drinking water poses a significant health risk, as it is a neurotoxin with no safe level of exposure. Michigan was the first state that required mandatory lead service line replacement, mandating the removal of all lead service lines by 2041. A new federal rule accelerates this timeline nationally, requiring removal by 2037. Utilities are also required to notify residents if their home has lead pipes, enabling them to take precautions like using certified lead-reducing filters, which are highly effective when properly maintained. Q: What are the challenges involved in making Southeast Michigan’s drinking water safer and more affordable? A: Unlike housing, food, and electricity, Michigan lacks a statewide water affordability program. Rising water rates to fund infrastructure upgrades have made water unaffordable for some households, despite the public health necessity of these investments. There are programs like the Great Lakes Water Authority’s WRAP Program and DWSD’s Lifeline Plan, but the need for support exceeds the current resources available. Legislation to create a statewide water affordability program is under consideration, but challenges remain in addressing the broader affordability gap. Q: What strategies or technologies are being implemented to address lead contamination, and what additional steps are necessary beyond lead pipe replacement? A: Lead service line replacement is critical, but residents don’t have to wait for this to happen to reduce their exposure to lead in water. Certified lead-reducing filters are available and highly effective, provided they are properly maintained. Public education is essential to ensure residents understand the risks and how to take action. Additionally, programs like the Michigan Department of Health
Michigan Center for Freshwater Innovation: Tackling Michigan’s Water Challenges
The Michigan Center for Freshwater Innovation (MCFI) was created through a partnership between the University of Michigan, Michigan State University, and Wayne State University to address diverse freshwater challenges in Southeast Michigan and across the state. Recent initiatives include developing nature-based solutions, promoting regional water planning, and improving stormwater infrastructure in Southeast Michigan, aiming to position the state as a leader in freshwater innovation and economic growth. SBND spoke with Curt Wolf, managing director at the University of Michigan Urban Collaboratory and managing director of MCFI about its projects, challenges, and vision. Q: What inspired the creation of the Michigan Center for Freshwater Innovation, and how did it come about? A: The Michigan Center for Freshwater Innovation was conceived through a collaborative effort led by the University of Michigan, Michigan State University, and Wayne State University. This initiative aims to tackle Michigan’s freshwater challenges, which vary widely across the state—from excessive water and flooding in some areas to contamination threats and inadequate supplies in others. The MCFI was established to address these complex and diverse issues through a coordinated approach involving multiple stakeholders, including water utilities, community groups, NGOs, practitioners, and state agencies. It is also a way for these institutions to work together to give something back to the great State of Michigan. Q: Is this collaborative approach among institutions unique? A: It is somewhat unique. While there have been various attempts to address water issues in Michigan, the MCFI represents a significant step forward by bringing together an inclusive group of leading academic institutions and regional water stakeholders who can collectively implement real change and bring new and innovative solutions forward. The MCFI’s focus is the entire state of Michigan which has very rural areas but also a number of large cities. The three universities complement each other well as a team. UM is an internationally recognized research institution with often a global focus, MSU is a land grant university with incredible reach throughout the state through its extension network. Wayne State has more of an urban focus with important community ties. All three universities have amazing water research capabilities. The MCFI is much greater than just an academic collaboration, however. Creating an open table where all stakeholders have a voice is critical to solving the types of water problems we’re facing as a region. Q: What are some current projects the MCFI is working on? A: The MCFI is actively involved in several projects. One major focus is climate adaptation and regional resiliency, particularly addressing the impacts of catastrophic flooding, such as the 2021 events that affected thousands of homes in SE Michigan. The center is working on near-term solutions and leveraging regional cooperation to look at how we might enhance infrastructure, think outside the box, and address water stressors. One such project, funded by the Erb Family Foundation, is a groundbreaking project that aims to revolutionize stormwater management in Southeast Michigan. The team will identify barriers to regional stormwater cooperation and develop innovative solutions to better manage the impacts of extreme rain events and climate variability. By focusing on the Great Lakes Water Authority (GLWA) wastewater service area in Wayne, Oakland, and Macomb counties, the project seeks to optimize existing water infrastructure assets through regional coordination. This approach could potentially save hundreds of millions of dollars in capital investment and operational costs while improving flood control and water quality in major watersheds. The project involves extensive collaboration with local authorities, community engagement, and the exploration of successful regional stormwater cooperation models from other areas. The findings could pave the way for more efficient and cost-effective stormwater management strategies, benefiting both the environment and residents of SE Michigan. Another project, funded by the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation (NFWF), seeks to integrate large-scale Nature-Based (green) Solutions (NBS) with existing infrastructure (gray) to mitigate flooding and enhance ecological resilience. This project will develop a comprehensive strategy for the adaption of NBS on a regional scale leveraging land assets for water storage, restoring habitats, and promoting climate justice. By engaging local stakeholders and employing advanced modeling techniques, the project aims to develop a scalable and transferable framework for sustainable stormwater management. This effort is expected to improve community resilience, protect critical infrastructure, and provide significant benefits to fish and wildlife habitats, while also fostering socio-economic growth through enhanced property values and reduced flood insurance costs. Additionally, MCFI completed a project for the State of Michigan providing recommendations for promoting regional planning of water infrastructure throughout the state. The study, commissioned by the Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE), identified opportunities for shared services, incentives for cooperation, and barriers that prevent public water supplies from serving areas outside their current boundaries. The research team conducted interviews, roundtable discussions, and technical analyses to gather insights from water system managers, local officials, and other stakeholders across the state. Findings and recommendations provided informed EGLE’s efforts to ensure equitable water infrastructure investments that provide high-quality drinking water at the lowest cost, in line with Governor Whitmer’s 2021 executive directive on safe drinking water. Q: What are the main water stressors facing the region? A: The region faces multiple water stressors, including aging infrastructure, climate change impacts, legacy industrial contamination, emerging contaminants (PFAS, microplastics, etc.), and regional growth impacts. Climate change is impacting Michigan in different ways than other parts of the country such as the Southwest. We are experiencing increased precipitation with more intense and sometimes highly localized storms. We have more water to manage than ever before. The region’s water systems, some of which are nearly 150 years old, were developed incrementally over time, adding to the complexity of addressing modern challenges. At the same time, there are portions of the state where groundwater resources are stressed, particularly in central areas of the state. Michiganders sometimes feel that we have unlimited water sources and that isn’t always the case. Q: What are the barriers to improving water management, and how can they be overcome? A: There are a
